| Solar panel | Solar array serve as instruments that transform sunlight into using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a device that collects sunlight to generate heat, generally used for water heating or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sunlight to generate heat, which can be used for water heating, space warming, or electricity production. It is a sustainable and eco-friendly technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural legacy, iconic landmarks, and lively urban areas like the capital. It boasts a mixed scenery of gentle slopes, historic forts, and busy metropolitan areas that mix heritage with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the organic light emitted by the star, essential for existence on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of energy due to the motion of charged particles, primarily electrons. It powers numerous appliances and systems, facilitating today’s lifestyle and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a reversed electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction movement of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, power supplies, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, causing it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a device that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into electric power to power various digital equipment. It comprises one or more galvanic units, each containing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An solar power system converts sunlight immediately into power using solar panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an eco-friendly power option that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a instrument that changes DC produced by solar panels into AC suitable for household use and utility connection. It is essential for maximizing energy efficiency and providing secure, dependable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips direction periodically, generally used in domestic and business power supplies. It allows for effective transmission of electricity over extended spans and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It provides optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a instrument used to measure the size, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes tools like rulers, climate gauges, and manometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are massive plants that harness sunlight to create electricity using numerous solar panels. They supply a renewable and renewable energy source, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and reducing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves setting up photovoltaic cells on building rooftops to generate electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated photovoltaic system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with photovoltaic panels that collect sunlight and generate power. This energy is then transmitted wirelessly to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions store excess power generated from green sources or the power grid for subsequent consumption, boosting energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These installations commonly employ batteries to deliver backup energy, cut down energy expenses, and aid grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels chronicles the progress and innovations in solar energy tech from the initial discovery of the photovoltaic effect to contemporary advanced photovoltaic modules. It highlights major milestones, including the invention of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have significantly enhanced energy transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and glow. His research laid the basis for comprehending how light interacts with certain media to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for discovering the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the development of the photo-sensitive device and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free framework used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an US innovator who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work laid the foundation for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern photovoltaic technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous R&D entity long-standing associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the origin of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and number 14, widely known for its essential role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar cells. It is a tough, breakable crystalline material with a steel-gray sheen, primarily used as a electronic component in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a little unit installed on each solar panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach enhances system performance, allows for better performance monitoring, and increases energy yield in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a component that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is commonly used in photovoltaic systems to provide a renewable and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a elementary particle which represents a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the mechanism by which certain materials convert sunlight directly into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the basic foundation behind solar panel systems, allowing the utilization of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for creating integrated circuits. It serves as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and stationary equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, furnishings, and external influences. Both are essential considerations in engineering design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components in a line, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the identical voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification represents the speed at which electricity is transferred by an electrical circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Produced through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and green energy, and fundamental for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a unit of energy conversion in the metric system, representing the speed of energy flow or conversion. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric pressure difference between two points, which pushes the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and indicates the energy per unit charge ready to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of electrical potential, voltage difference, and EMF in the International System of Units. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between locations in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the flow of electrical charge through a conductor, usually measured in A. It is crucial for powering electronic gadgets and facilitating the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp represents the measure of electric flow in the SI units, symbolized as A. It indicates the movement of electric charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the level of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the design and size of power systems to ensure secure and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical housing used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a easy and uniform method of delivering electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is frequently used for charging and supplying a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a instrument that transforms direct current (DC) from inputs like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It allows the application of common electrical appliances in settings where only DC power is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as an collection of numerous individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the orientation of solar modules to track the solar trajectory throughout the day, optimizing power intake. This technology boosts the performance of solar energy collection by maintaining best panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to maximize the power output of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the performance point to match the optimal power point of the solar panels. This methodology ensures the most efficient energy harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a instrument that monitors and analyzes the effectiveness of solar power systems in real-time, delivering useful data on power output and system status. It assists enhance solar power output by spotting problems early and guaranteeing optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are lightweight, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are typically used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, devices, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous minute silicon crystal structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and chip fabrication. Its production involves fusing and reforming silicon to create a pure, polycrystalline type fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a premium form of silicon with a single lattice arrangement, making it very effective for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its homogeneous formation allows for better electron transfer, resulting in superior functionality compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics constitute a kind of film solar method that offers a cost-effective and effective solution for extensive solar energy production. They are recognized for their high absorption capability and moderately low manufacturing costs versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film solar devices that use a layered material of Cu, indium, gallium, and Se to turn sunlight into energy effectively. They are known for their high light capturing performance, bendability, and capability for portable, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a amorphous molecular structure, making it more adaptable and easier to deposit than ordered silicon. It is frequently used in thin-film solar cells and electronic systems due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and innovative techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are innovative photovoltaic devices that employ various p-n connections layered in unison to collect a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially enhancing their efficiency. They are mainly used in space missions and advanced solar power systems due to their superior energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays serve as crucial elements that transform solar radiation into electric power to power onboard instrumentation. Generally lightweight, durable, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of several elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic element, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and performance in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use focusing elements or reflectors to focus sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This technology is perfect for large-scale solar power plants in regions with clear sunlight, delivering a economical approach for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and bendable form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a delicate coating of CIGS compound as the solar semiconductor, known for high efficiency and bendability. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with great output in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a slender layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in diverse technological uses. These layers are crucial in electronics, light manipulation, and coatings for their special physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a renewable and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of substance spanning fractions of a nanometer to a few microns in depth, often placed on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in various industries, including electronics, optics, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to describe minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision gauges used to precisely measure tiny gaps or widths, generally in machining and fabrication. They feature a calibrated screw mechanism that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a slender, ring-shaped slice of silicon crystal used as the base for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the creation of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact solar units known for their excellent performance and adaptability, ideal for diverse applications. They use a layered layered semiconductor setup that converts sunlight straight into electrical energy with remarkable effectiveness in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a type of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is noted for being cost-effective and having a comparatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into energy using PV cells, providing a sustainable energy source for residential, commercial, and large-scale applications. They deliver a eco-friendly, sustainable, and economical way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into power using a photosensitive dye to absorb light and produce electron flow. It offers a affordable and adaptable alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This technology offers the possibility for lower-cost, adaptable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photovoltaic units that employ carbon-based molecules, to turn sunlight into electricity. They are easy to handle, bendable, and enable more affordable, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a potential electronic compound used in thin-film solar panels due to its plentiful and non-toxic elements. Its excellent optical-electronic properties make it an appealing alternative for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of construction components, such as roof surfaces, outer walls, and windows. This cutting-edge approach enhances power savings while maintaining design elegance and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to spread through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves the process of applying a thin film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures glazing to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It boosts privacy, improves energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations overview various massive solar energy plants around the planet, demonstrating their power and positions. These plants function a crucial role in green energy production and international efforts to reduce carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are massive systems that turn sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They play a vital role in renewable energy generation, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as contamination, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are constantly replenished, such as the sun, air currents, and hydropower. It offers a sustainable option to traditional fuels, minimizing ecological footprint and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are consumed when used. They are the chief fuels for electrical energy and vehicle operation but pose ecological and environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and sustainable resources into electricity. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, harmful elements such as plumbum, Hg, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency measures how effectively a photovoltaic device generates sunlight into usable electrical power. Improving this efficiency is essential for increasing renewable energy production and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This event provided critical proof for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves placing products to increased stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by innovations and decreasing costs. This growth is transforming the world energy sector by increasing the portion of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a industrial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a transparent device that bends light to converge or diverge rays, producing images. It is commonly used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a coating applied to vision surfaces to minimize reflections and increase light flow. It boosts the clarity and illumination of screens by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in such a way that their amplitudes negate each other, leading to a diminution or complete elimination of the combined wave. This phenomenon typically happens when the waveforms are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, commonly employed in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes in a sinusoidal pattern throughout its cycle, permitting cost-effective transfer over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a miniature entity used to transform DC from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It boosts system performance by maximizing energy production at the panel level and simplifies setup and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC power, is electricity delivered through a network where the voltage level and electric flow cyclically reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over long distances. It is commonly used in residences and factories to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a category of electrical connector used to deliver DC energy from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and receptacle that guarantee a firm and dependable connection for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide protection validation organization that assesses and approves products to guarantee they meet certain safety norms. It supports consumers and firms identify trustworthy and secure products through rigorous assessment and analysis processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this configuration, the identical electric current passes through all elements, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple routes for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a solid-state device that allows current to move in a single direction only, functioning as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12-volt, intended to deliver electrical energy for different devices and accessories inside of a automobile. It enables users to charge electronic devices or use small electronics when on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral hardware to computers, facilitating information exchange and power delivery. It supports a wide range of devices such as keypads, mouses, external storage, and smartphones, with various versions providing higher speeds and upgraded functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into usable energy. Improving this efficiency is crucial for maximizing energy output and making solar power more cost-effective and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance developments in solar power, wind, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic radiation, extending from radio signals to high-energy photons, featuring varied wavelengths and energy levels. This spectrum is fundamental to many technologies and natural phenomena, allowing communication, healthcare imaging, and understanding of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily generated by the sun. It has a crucial role in such as vitamin D production but can also result in skin injury and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color palette based on alterations of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and sophistication by maintaining steady color elements throughout a design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to measure the magnitude of power or energy flow received or emitted over a specific surface, often in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the distribution and conveyance of energy across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of different colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is often used to depict the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in different scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big volume of air with relatively even temperature and humidity characteristics, deriving from from particular starting areas. These air masses influence climate trends and atmospheric states as they pass through diverse regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the quantification of the energy per square kilometer received from the Sun in the form of solar rays. It changes with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, impacting climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in photovoltaic systems refers to the buildup of dirt, and other particles on the panels of solar arrays, which reduces their output. Routine maintenance and servicing are necessary to limit energy decrease and guarantee maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when there is no current, measured across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the maximum electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, going around the normal load. It presents a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the maximum power output of a solar module under perfect sunlight conditions. It reflects the panel's peak potential to generate electricity in standard testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an electrical instrument used to measure the electrical potential between two points in a electronic circuit. It is frequently utilized in different electrical and electronic fields to maintain proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in PV modules where elevated voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the photovoltaic materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic chemical element essential for plant development and used in different industrial applications, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits unique chemical traits that make it useful in manufacturing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a solid and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using extensive collections of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of utilizing land for both solar energy output and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight using both surfaces, enhancing overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo mirroring and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a structure that provides shade while generating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of multiple solar panels configured to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in sustainable power systems to deliver environmentally friendly, eco-friendly power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that delivers shade and protection from the weather for al fresco areas. It boosts the functionality and look of a terrace, making it a comfortable space for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference direction, usually true north, to the line between an surveyor to a point of interest. It is commonly used in routing, surveying, and astrophysics to define the direction of an target in relation to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic material widely used in thin-film solar cells due to its excellent performance and cost efficiency. It demonstrates excellent optical features, making it a popular choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies showcases the top manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies play a crucial role in driving solar energy adoption and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of power equal to a billion watt, used to assess massive energy generation and usage. It is generally associated with power plants, national grids, and large-scale energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in solar PV power solutions, specializing in making thin-film solar modules that offer high efficiency and affordable power output. The company is committed to green energy development and cutting down the global dependence on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in seamlessly connecting various components of factory and automation systems to boost performance and trustworthiness. It focuses on building innovative solutions that enable smooth communication and interoperability among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an prominent China's corporation expert in producing and developing solar photovoltaic items and systems. Famous for state-of-the-art tech and green energy projects in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often employed to represent the potential of massive power generation or consumption. It emphasizes the immense energy magnitude involved in current power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the cost per unit of production drops as overall production grows, due to learning curve and optimization achieved over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of stored knowledge in lowering costs and enhancing efficiency in industrial processes and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This method is a environmentally friendly, sustainable energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of producing solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the expense of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity means that sustainable energy technologies are financially viable with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the primary electrical power supplied to homes and businesses through a network of power lines, providing a dependable source of energy for numerous appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the nation, and is delivered through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all elements of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is essential for securing the efficient and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is harnessed from the solar radiation using PV panels to convert electricity or through thermal solar systems to provide warmth. It is a green, eco-friendly, and planet-friendly energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, commercial, and factory settings to create green, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering green energy solutions where traditional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar energy items features a selection of devices that harness sunlight to generate energy, promoting green and renewable living. These solutions include covering solar power banks and lights to home equipment and outdoor tools, offering flexible alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar power plant is a plant that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. It is a renewable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize optical lenses plus mirrors to focus solar radiation on highly efficient photovoltaic cells, greatly boosting power output from a smaller area. This technology works well where bright, direct sunlight and provides a viable solution to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
